Top 50 Cryptocurrency VC (Venture Capital) Funds in South Korea in October 2023

Portfolio highlights

• Pillyze — mobile health care startup
• InHandPlus — We are working to solve the issue of medical nonadherence, where patients don't follow their prescribed medical regimes. This is a common and costly problem, and can even result in serious consequences. Our proprietary smartwatch is able to tell what medicine users take, and when they take it. Our AI-based management platform then collects thedata and provides personalized healthcare services and insights.
• Test Valley — Test Valley sells smartphones, tablets, cameras, computers, and household appliances.

Portfolio highlights

• Delabs Games — At Delabs Games, we want to create fun games that last a thousand years.
• SupraOracles — We're supercharging oracles to provide blockchains better, faster, accurate, and more secure off-chain data.
• Story Protocol — Story Protocol is building open IP infrastructure to grow the creativity of the internet era.

Portfolio highlights

• Axoni — Axoni is a New York-based capital markets technology firm that specializes in distributed ledger infrastructure. Product offerings include blockchain deployments, large-scale data management, bespoke smart contract development, analytics services, and connectivity tools.
• AlloyX — AlloyX makes it simple and accessible for protocols, DAOs, and institutional investors to create diversified RWA investment strategies. We provide lenders with a flexible and efficient platform for managing all of their RWA assets based on their yield, risk, and liquidity preferences.
• Coinflow Labs — Coinflow is a payment solution that allows Web3 companies to accept traditional payment methods and payout their customers by converting cryptocurrency to USD in their traditional bank account.

Portfolio highlights

• Brine.fi — The best onchain spot trading crypto exchange
• Florida Street — PIXEL GG INC.
• Maverick Protocol — Trade. Earn. Any Asset. Stop paying for price discovery. Enjoy higher capital efficiency.

Portfolio highlights

• Early Pay — Early Pay is a service to small businesses across the country that selects and calculates card and delivery platform transactions made in physical stores. The goal is to significantly improve small business owners' cash flow and, ultimately, lower the closure rate by extending the life cycle of small business owners by reducing the settlementcycle, which used to take up to 14 days, to one day.
• Gwanak Analog — Gwanak Analog is a supplier of high performance Power/Analog SoC and Sensor products
• Learning Spoons — Learning Spoons employs both online and offline ways to give professionals with courses in data science, business, real estate and many more.

Portfolio highlights

• InnoQD — InnoQD is a developer of thin-film materials for quantum dots, which are ultra-fine semiconductor particles on the nanometer scale
• CloudHospital — Founded in Seoul, South Korea, CloudHospital is a robust online platform helping patients around the world find the best providers for their needs regardless of where they are located. We are an experienced team from around the globe with ample experience in the fields of web technology, medical practice, and finance. Our mission is simple: to makeit easier for everyone to find the best medical solutions anywhere in the world.By investing in technology that takes the complexities out of world-wide medical services, icloudhospital.com can seamlessly connect millions of patients around the world to excellent medical services, both from the most demanding surgeries to the most accurate health checkups as well as the world’s most advanced cosmetic procedures. As one of the world’s most well integrated medical concierge services firm, icloudhospital.com enables hospitals and clinics around the world reach their global audience efficiently.Our services, which are accessible through icloudhospital.com is available in English, Chinese and Russian and offers the best medical hospitals and clinics, including the best respected doctors in their field of expertise. For all your medical care needs, icloudhospital.com makes it easy and supports you with 24/7 customer support.
• Trash Busters — Trash Busters manufactures reusable cups and dishes.

Portfolio highlights

• Hyku — Hyku Biosciences is developing the next generation of covalent medicines by targeting histidine, tyrosine and lysine binding pockets in disease-causing proteins.
• Wonderwall — Wonderwall is an online art learning platform.
• Passionate Powerhouse — Passionate Power as a full-fledged multi-content IP in the future by designing and producing games, cartoons, movies, franchise items, and so on in constant partnership with domestic and overseas partners.

Portfolio highlights

• sTraffic — sTraffic provides fast and safe transportation system solutions.
• Com2Verse — 'Com2Verse', the ALL-IN-ONE metaverse platform of Com2uS
• Source.ag — Our AI supports both experienced and new growers to produce more fruit and vegetables anywhere in the world, increasing business results while reducing risks

Portfolio highlights

• RSN — RSN provides solutions that analyze changes in social awareness and trends in the flow of digital information and suggest their meaning.
• Letsur — Letsur developing automated solutions for AI development and data cleaning services.
• RichAlien — Rich Alien was founded with the intention of creating immersive mobile games ranging from worldwide casual social games to mid-core games based on well-known foreign animations and webtoon IPs.

Portfolio highlights

• Artue — Explore a diverse collection of artwork by new and emerging artists on Artue.io. Buy and sell original paintings, sculptures, photography, and more.
• B GARAGE — B GARAGE is an autonomous drone and service company for warehouse inventory management. B GARAGE is an homage to Willow Garage, a widely respected robotics research company that developed an open-source robotics software platform.
• ZUZU Hospitality — ZUZU Hospitality is chain for independent hotels, delivering revenue growth through distribution and revenue management.As such, we are the indisputable primary partner to hoteliers in driving revenue. Acting as their hotel operating system, we power their back office revenue generation business operations, allowing them to focus on being greathoteliers.

Portfolio highlights

• Bacu — Bacu provides restaurant technology and offer a comfort food concept.
• Kenzz — Kenzz is an e-commerce platform bringing shopping to the mass market in Egypt and MENA.
• Meliora Therapeutics — Bringing together modern molecular fingerprinting, machine learning, and cutting edge biology

Portfolio highlights

• MoonBox — Indulge yourself every moon cycle with holistic all-natural essentials for a magical night of self-care. Oil blends, crystals, smudges, guided meditation & more
• dappOS — dappOS a project aimed at developing an operating protocol to lower the barriers to entry for Web3 apps by developing solutions that increase their usability and accessibility.
• Moonbox — Indulge yourself every moon cycle with holistic all-natural essentials for a magical night of self-care. Oil blends, crystals, smudges, guided meditation & more

Portfolio highlights

• AiderX — AiderX is a technology startup that creates AI assistants for everyone. We believe that AI should be available to everyone and that it has the potential to change the way we live and work. Our goal is to make AI simple, intuitive, and simple to use.
• MathFLAT — MathFLAT is a B2B mobile solution for mathematics education.
• PlayList — PlayList is a web drama production company that produces dramas and music content. The company's two flagship web drama series, Love Playlist and A-Teen have gained huge popularity amongst the 18-24 age segment. Playlist dramas have over 10 million subscribers and 1.3 billion views.

Portfolio highlights

• Kaviar — Kaviar is an Restaurant Meal Replacement business that collects a wide range of dishes from illustrious chefs and eateries.
• Iconloop — ICONLOOP, Inc. is a blockchain-specialized tech company based in Seoul, South Korea. Founded in May 2016, ICONLOOP provides the entire technical support to the leading global blockchain project, ICON. ICONLOOP aims to acquire both scalability and security in existing platforms and maximize the utility of blockchain technology with SCORE SmartContract, LFT Algorithm, Tiered System, Multi Channel and Modular Architecture. Based on self-developed blockchain engine, loopchain, ICONLOOP, as a technology partner of Korea Financial Investment Association, Kyobo Life Insurance, and P-HIS consortium, leads diverse innovations in financial transactions, digital currency and IoT(Internet of Things).

Portfolio highlights

• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.
• Metabase — Play Blockchain Games and Use Axie Infinity Guild Tools
• Mecha Morphing — Mecha Morphing is a browser-based, decentralized, play-to-earn ARPG game. They offer PVE, PVP loot mode, PVP arena, and bounties. They also provide weapons, mecha armour pieces, land, and characters.

Portfolio highlights

• Kigle — KIGLE, KIDS' FIRST PLAYGROUND
• Kinolights — Kinolights is a movie rating and recommendation services provider.
• Fassker — Fassker is a fashion magazine and community for the digital native generation.

Portfolio highlights

• Carmoola — Ready to hit the road? Find the car of your dreams and make your money move. Spread the cost with flexible payment plans to get new wheels, on your terms.
• Eku Energy — Eku Energy is a globally diversified and technology enabled energy storage business.
• Cube Highways and Infrastructure — Cube Highways and Infrastructure (Cube Highways) is a Singapore based company investing in road and highway projects, along with select other infrastructure sectors in India. Cube Highways is an independent, professionally-managed platform that leverages the extensive transportation experience of its management and execution teams.

Portfolio highlights

• Dapi — Dapi is a fintech API play that is aimed at facilitating payments between consumer bank accounts and companies. That Dapi has managed to make its service work in seven countries with deep bank support is impressive and Dapi has found demand for its service, with $400,000 in ARR and growth of more than 50% per month as of its presentation.
• Lemon Cash — Lemon Cash is digital wallet with FIAT and crypto capabilities. End to end digital ecosystem for Latin America.
• Moon Mortgage — Crypto backed mortgage provider

Portfolio highlights

• IYK — IYK inspires people to live in the moment by bridging immersive physical and digital experiences.
• fxhash — fxhash is an open platform to mint and collect Generative Tokens on the Tezos blockchain
• Spearbit — Web3 Security At Scale

Portfolio highlights

• Lambda256 — Founded in 2012, Dunamu (CEO Lee Seok-woo) is currently providing services as the largest cryptocurrency exchange in Korea, 'Upbit'​ and stock trading platform based on social network, ‘Kakao Stock'​. Both services are leading in the industry and ecosystems. (Upbit launched in Oct. 2017, Kakao Stock launched in Feb. 2014) Dunamuprovides the best service in the fields of cryptocurrency, securities, and asset management. Dunamu is getting much attention in both domestic and global market with professional specialists, innovative services and excellent technology. Recently, it announced to make investment of 100 billion dollars in the blockchain industry, leading the way in creating blockchain ecosystem.
• Openknowl — OPENKNOWL is an online career management system, offering mentoring facilities and careers camps for those wanting to develop a career in the IT sector.
• Reasoned Art — Reasoned Art is the Italian gallery dedicated to CryptoArt. it selects the best digital artists worldwide, curates physical and virtual exhibitions, and certifies the authenticity of works allowing their sale through NFT.

Portfolio highlights

• Lionsbot — LionsBot's objective is to empower cleaners with easy-to-use, powerful and smart cleaning robots which help perform and fulfil key cleaning roles - Vacuum, Clean, Scrub, Mop and yes, even Pull.
• Opsys Tech — Automotive LiDAR is at its 3rd revolution, led by Opsys Technologies. Our team developed a new ToF True Solid State Scanning LiDAR technology that enables LiDAR with absolutely no moving parts!
• Plus One Robotics — The fastest and most reliable parcel handing robotics solutions in your warehouse.

Portfolio highlights

• Mildang PT — Mildang PT is an ed-tech platform that provides lectures, management, evaluation, and content through online mode.
• onepredict — We offer a digital brain solution that diagnoses and predicts the status of key industrial assets based on industrial AI and IoT technologies.
• Lotte Group — Lotte is a multinational food and shopping corporation that consists of over 60 business units in a variety of industries such as candy manufacturing, beverages, hotels, fast food, retail, financial services, heavy chemicals, electronics, IT, construction, publishing, and entertainment.Lotte Group produces, distributes, and sellsconfectioneries, ice creams, oil, carbonated drinks and liquor, hamburgers, and bakery products and pastries. It operates department, discount, convenience, apparel, and home appliances stores as well as a supermarket and a multiplex movie theater; and hotels and a resort.It manufactures synthetic resins and fibers, and by-products; TFT LCD products; digital equipment, copiers, printers, and other office machines; digital cameras and printers, and photographic materials; and aluminum products. Its financing business activities include credit, travel agency, insurance agency, and telemarketing; and lease, personal and corporate loans, and installment financing. The company also engages in software development and computer equipment; public institutions systems and IT; golf course; advertising agency; development, financial consulting, and management of shopping centers; baseball team; logistics management consulting; electronic financial services; integrated e-payment; future food, genetic engineering, and bio-engineering; educational training and consulting; economy and industry strategic analysis; and scholarship and social welfare foundation businesses.Lotte is the largest confectionery manufacturer in South Korea. It was first established in June 1948 in Tokyo, by Shin Kyuk-Ho. From Tokyo, Lotte expanded into South Korea with the establishment of Lotte Confectionary Co., Ltd in Seoul on April 3, 1967.

Portfolio highlights

• VCAT.AI — VCAT.AI is a business-to-business (B2B) subscription software (SaaS) based on AI technology. Create mass marketing creatives as video and banner images just with an product URL or TEXT.
• Yipscell — Yipscell is a biotech company that develops IPSC stem cell therapy to diagnose and treat incurable diseases.
• Onconic Therapeutics — Onconic Therapeutics specialises in the research and development of cancer treatments.

Portfolio highlights

• AMBOSS — Lightning Network Explorer and Analytics Tools. Search for nodes and channels on the Lightning Network and get detailed information on them.
• Funderbeam — Funderbeam is a funding and trading platform that connects companies and investors to buy and sell equity stakes. The platform allows the founders to gain exposure, legal support, a funding manager, or an investor network. It also allows the investors to take control of their investments and trade anytime they want.The company was founded in 2013as a global data platform for startup companies.
• Ten63 Therapeutics — Ten63 Therapeutics is a venture-backed startup developing durable therapeutics against some of the most lethal diseases. It combines low-residual, ML-based computational chemistry and mathematically guaranteed, superlinear search algorithms to find optimized drug candidates. The company's platform, COPPER, leverages its proprietary AI andstate-of-the-art physical models to explore an unprecedentedly large chemical space, allowing them to discover new therapeutics to targets previously believed undruggable.

Portfolio highlights

• Ethernovia — Embrace the future of vehicle networks with Ethernovia's new Ethernet approach. Explore our cutting-edge technology today.
• Verity — Our automated inventory tracking system powered by self-flying inventory drones makes the zero-error warehouse a reality.
• Cavli Wireless — Build, Connect and scale your IoT Solutions with Cavli Wireless Cellular IoT Modules and Cavli Hubble IoT connectivity platform

Portfolio highlights

• Frontrunner — Frontrunner is a decentralized sports prediction market where users can buy shares of sports propositions and trade them like they would stocks. Unlike traditional sportsbooks where users place a bet and wait, Frontrunner gives users full control over their portfolios, allowing them to dynamically buy and sell positions as the odds change. Byleveraging the power of free markets and the blockchain, we create fully transparent markets and liquid positions which fundamentally change the way that people invest in their sports knowledge and beliefs. The vision is to bring DeFi concepts like AMMs, margin trading, and perpetuals to a marketplace of sports derivatives, creating parity between financial and sports betting markets.
• MetaVersus World — MetaVersus combines gaming with Web3 to provide a hyper-realistic digital environment for brands to build in and for users to discover as MetaCitizens
• Spaceport Technologies — Accelerating the growth of the next digital economy

Portfolio highlights

• Tenping — Tenping is a marketing service that allows advertising content to be released in native format. The app then releases this onto other social networks, blogs and mobile apps. Already more than 100 advertising companies have used the service to release over 600 advertising contents.
• Chain Partners — Best Crypto Company in Korea - Chain Partners

Portfolio highlights

• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.

Portfolio highlights

• Gatenox — Gatenox brings 4x more clients by streamlining the Corporate KYC process while enhancing the user experience
• League of Traders — The one-stop-shop to maximize your profits, see all of your exchanges in one portfolio, Copy Trade the best Traders, and compete in trading competitions to win cash prizes! Sign up now and become a member of the League of Traders.
• Stableton Financial — Challenge the boundaries of conventional investment portfolios. Stableton is a partner for fast-growing companies and founders across FinTech, Consumer, B2B SaaS and Mobility globally, with a focus on Europe and North America.

Portfolio highlights

• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.
• Data Mynt — B2B2C web3 fintech platform

Portfolio highlights

• Mars4 — Mars4 (MARS$) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the blockchain, that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications and earn passive income through revenue generating Mars NFT Land Plots. In this virtual world on Mars, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.
• Velo Labs — Velo Labs is software company revolutionizing the old correspondent bank system by creating a global settlement network. We are empowering financial institutions with blockchain-based and compliance-friendly solutions to move money across borders.
• Parex Market — Parex Market provides DAO ecosystem that includes a range of solutions.

Portfolio highlights

• Xpanner — Xpanner(Builtworlds Top 50), digital contech site solution, not only can bring productivity improvement(by 15% average), management efficency, safety and ESG improvement through our smart integration of conTech disparate products.
• Meisters — Meisters is a service management service (ATCM, After-sales Total Care Management) that handles all after-sales responsibilities for Korean home appliance and manufacturing enterprises, allowing them to focus more on the process of studying, developing, and creating high-quality products. It is a business.
• KRISTIN — KRISTIN is a supplier of flat, sneakers, and boots.

Portfolio highlights

• Bertis — Bertis is a proteomics-based molecular diagnostics service company.
• FraSen — Frasen Inc. provides software and hardware related to healthcare services. It developed a hardware known as Neurofeedback Sleep Mask and a software known as Personal Sleep Care Service.Neurofeedback Sleep Mask is based on the neuroscience of sleep. It is able to measure the brain waves to monitor sleep stages precisely and to stimulate thebrain using sound and light to synchronize brain waves from light sleep stages to deep sleep stages.Frasen has received investments from FastTrackAsia.It was established on March 8, 2010.
• Melephant — Melephant Inc. is a Korea based startup established in October 2013.

Portfolio highlights

• ITSBLOC — ITSBLOC strives to provide enjoyment to all users with high-quality game content.
• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.

Portfolio highlights

• Phaver — Welcome to the biggest mobile app on Lens Protocol. Access all that Web3 Social has to offer through one easy-to-use app. Engage with your favourite creators, connect your NFT's, earn rewards and more
• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.
• Synesis One — Synesis One provides a play-to-earn model on the Solana blockchain that develops games on the frontend to incentivize users and on the backend creates datasets that train AI. This fully functional system has already been integrated with its beneficiary, Mind AI, which relies on natural language reasoning to produce conversational AI systems. Withcustomers already lined up, Synesis One's key appeal is its ability to attract other projects that will pay to use their AI solutions within the blockchain space and across different industries.

Portfolio highlights

• Aethir — Aethir’s Decentralized Cloud Infrastructure (DCI) is the framework that unbinds the macro trajectory of the AI and gaming industry, from the walled garden resources of the incumbent cloud hegemony.Aethir's make complex cloud resources more accessible.
• dappOS — dappOS a project aimed at developing an operating protocol to lower the barriers to entry for Web3 apps by developing solutions that increase their usability and accessibility.
• Solv Protocol — Decentralized Liquidity Infrastructure

Portfolio highlights

• Deargen — DEARGEN advances the treatment of rare and intractable diseases through the integration of AI and collective intelligence.
• OpenPlan — OpenPlan develops an online platform that offers mini insurance packages. It offers insurance premiums for various types of daily activity. OpenPlan was founded in 2019 and is based in Seoul, South Korea.
• Toggle — Toggle provides customized one-day insurance that can be purchased even with a small amount.

Portfolio highlights

• Degame — Degame is an NFT gaming platform that provides token analytics, tracking, research, gaming strategy, and IGO.
• Tres — Crypto Accounting and Web3 Treasury - Enable financial workflows such as reconciliation, balance calculation, audit and reporting. Now businesses can monitor, manage and account for their Web3 assets from on-ramp to off-ramp.
• Thala Labs — Unleash the liquidity of your assets with our Stablecoin, AMM, and Launchpad

Portfolio highlights

• Supermojo — Supermojo is building the embedded customer lending experiences to power the growth of NFTs as a powerful new asset class.
• Tapio Protocol — The stability of native DOT, with the yield of LDOT.
• Volare Finance — Volare Finance provides a transparent, trustless, and convenient decentralized option trading without intermediaries.

Portfolio highlights

• Enjin — Enjin offers a suite of integrated products that make non-fungible tokens (NFTs) easy for individuals, businesses, and developers.
• Fragcolor — Fragcolor is developing a fully distributed game platform and creation system.
• Alter — Alter is the most secure communications platform built on private blockchain technology powered by Secret Network's Private Smart Contracts and ECDH encryption. Alter has leveraged this technology and made something that was historically available only to limited groups of people, institutions and government organizations - accessible toeveryone and anyone to make sure there's higher control over own data privacy and it is truly secure.

Portfolio highlights

• growV — growV offers educational services by using learning technology.
• Vetching — Vetching started with the meaning of matching veterinarians and veterinary hospital customers by combining veterinarian and matching.
• Somsidang Company — Somsidang Company is an online learning platform that offers baking and pottery painting training services.

Portfolio highlights

• MetaBeat — The MetaBeat platform is an incentivization community platform powered by fan activities rewarded by a set criteria, the FANomance Index. Creators/artists and fans grow as partners through engagements and rewards on the MetaBeat platform.

Portfolio highlights

• GoldLink — GoldLink is a decentralized, on-chain undercollateralized lending protocol utilizing a novel and modular lending architecture to offer borrowers powerful, sophisticated investment strategies beyond anything offered in the space today.
• P0x Labs — P0x labs is the team behind Manta Network is a privacy-preserving technology operating on the Polkadot blockchain.
• Connext — Bridge tokens and data across 11+ chains. Earn and build on the most secure interoperability network.

Portfolio highlights

• Bit2Me — He buys and sells cryptocurrencies from home. With the security, ease, and speed that only Bit2Me can provide.
• DRepublic — DRepublic is a metaverse company who are the developers behind the upcoming 3A blockchain game Cradles.
• Skynet EGLD Capital — Investment Fund Focused on Growing the Elrond Network

Portfolio highlights

• Gapzone — Gapzone sells air-purifying plants, garden seedings, flower seedlings, pots, soil, and materials.
• Endorobotics — Endorobotics is a healthcare centre that offers endoscopic surgery services.
• Nature Mobility — Nature Mobility is a mobile application platform.

Portfolio highlights

• Bind — Bind is a start-up that operates the mobile and PC version of 'Athler'.
• Inertia — Developer of natural sanitary napkins designed to solve women's problems with empathy and technology.
• Epic Corporation — The Epic One platform services will be improved, and Epic Corporation will broaden its business sectors. First, the global bidding system in four significant Asian nations will be improved overall, coupled with an update to the AI function that determines the anticipated contract price, in order to maximize the transaction completion rate for thesale of luxury assets. Additionally, there is a plan to considerably broaden its brands and product categories, which currently include luxury watches, luggage, hypercars, and artwork.

Portfolio highlights

• growV — growV offers educational services by using learning technology.
• mangrove — mangrove is a real estate and rental services provider.
• Xingxing Mobility — Xingxing Mobility is an app that offers an electric kickboard sharing service.

Portfolio highlights

• Lemonex — Lemonex specializes in drug delivery technology and biosensor technology.
• Selecxine — Selecxine is a biopharmaceutical development company specialized in the field of immunotherapeutics. Selecxine strives to develop immunotherapeutics a new paradigm of pharmaceuticals– through a specialized antibody development process, using an innovative platform technology of functional antibody screening and development.
• StradVision — Vision AI for all

Portfolio highlights

• Backd — Backd offers to maximize the power of assets and begin generating yield. Backd is a protocol for reactive liquidity decentralized finance (Defi).
• Shardeum — Shardeum is an EVM-based, linearly scalable smart contract platform that maintains low gas fees while providing true decentralization and solid security
• Eclipse — The first customizable, modular rollups, using the Solana VM. Sign up to access our testnet.

Portfolio highlights

• BRLab — BRLab is a healthcare company in the sleep tech area. We serve sleep tracking and enhancing platform but also ai-based life coaching services. BRLab's platform allows you to use top notching sleep technologies to any type of related applications.
• Returnit — RETURNIT is a service that replaces single-use containers with reusable containers used for food delivery.
• Live Anywhere — Live Anywhere is a tour guide that recommends houses suitable for monthly living.